Since the invasion of Ukraine, Hollywood’s biggest studios have stopped releasing movies in Russia, and Netflix has ceased service there. But recently, some of the companies’ films have started appearing in Russian movie theatres — illegally. The screenings are reminiscent of the Soviet era, when the only way to see most Western films was to get access to a pirated version. Whereas those movies made their way to Russians in the form of smuggled VHS tapes, today, cinemas in the country have a simpler, faster method: the internet. Numerous websites offer bootleg copies of movies that take minutes to download.

Some theatres in Russia are now openly screening pirated movies; others are being more careful, allowing private individuals to rent out spaces to show films, free or for a fee. One group, for example, rented out several screening rooms at a theatre in Yekaterinburg, then used social media to invite people to buy tickets to watch “The Batman.”

In Makhachkala, capital of the Dagestan region, a movie theatre is screening “Don't Look Up”; and in Chita, a city near the border with Mongolia, people can watch “Turning Red,” the animated film from Disney and Pixar.

These surreptitious screenings are the latest attempt by theatres in Russia to survive after US studios like Disney, Warner Bros and Paramount left the country in protest. Before the war in Ukraine, movies produced in the US made up about 70% of the Russian film market, according to state media.

But despite the attempts to draw viewers, Russians are barely going to the movies. Theatres saw ticket sales fall by about half in March, compared with the same period last year, according to the country’s Association of Theatre Owners.

Artem Komolyatov, 31, a video game producer in Moscow, noticed the shift when he and his wife went on a Friday date to the movies a few weeks ago. They chose “Everything Everywhere All at Once,” a film from American studio A24, which stopped releasing films in Russia in mid-April. “But, there were only three other people there besides us,” he said. “We went at 8pm (local time) on a weekend. Usually the theatre is full.”

Given the dearth of viewers and of content, the Association of Theatre Owners predicted that at least half the theaters in Russia would go out of business in the next two months.

Even if that prognosis is true, history has shown that films will reach audiences with or without legal channels. Decades ago, Soviet citizens gathered in empty office spaces, living rooms and cultural centers to view pirated copies of Western classics like “Rocky,” “The Terminator,” and “9 ½ Weeks” that had made their way behind the Iron Curtain.